How Do Cases Reach the Supreme Court

Unlike all of the lower federal courts, the U.S. Supreme Court alone gets to decide which cases it will hear. While almost 8,000 new cases are now filed with the U.S. Supreme Court every year, only about 80 are heard and decided by the Court. It’s All About Certiorari The Supreme Court will consider only cases for which at least four of the nine justices vote to grant a â€Å"writ of certiorari,† a decision by the Supreme Court to hear an appeal from a lower court. â€Å"Certiorari† is a Latin word meaning â€Å"to inform.† In this context, a writ of certiorari informs a lower court of the Supreme Court’s intention to review one of its decisions. People or entities wishing to appeal the ruling of a lower court file a â€Å"petition for writ of certiorari† with the Supreme Court. If at least four justices vote to do so, the writ of certiorari will be granted and the Supreme Court will hear the case. If four justices do not vote to grant certiorari, the petition is denied, the case is not heard, and the decision of the lower court stands. In general, the Supreme Court grants certiorari or â€Å"cert† agreeing to hear only those cases the justices consider important. Such cases often involve deep or controversial constitutional issues such as religion in public schools. In addition to the about 80 cases that are given â€Å"plenary review,† meaning they are actually argued before the Supreme Court by attorneys, the Supreme Court also decides about 100 cases a year without plenary review. Also, the Supreme Court receives over 1,200 applications for various types of judicial relief or opinion each year that can be acted upon by a single justice. Appeals From Courts of Appeals Decisions By far the most common way cases reach the Supreme Court is as an appeal to a decision issued by one of the U.S. Courts of Appeal that sit below the Supreme Court. The 94 federal judicial districts are divided into 12 regional circuits, each of which has a court of appeals. The appeals courts decide whether lower trial courts had applied the law correctly in their decisions. Three judges sit on the appeals courts and no juries are used. Parties wishing to appeal a circuit court’s decision file a petition for writ of certiorari with the Supreme Court as described above. Michael Rowley / Getty Images Appeals From State Supreme Courts A second less common way cases reach the U.S. Supreme Court is through an appeal to a decision by one of the state supreme courts. Each of the 50 states has its own supreme court that acts as the authority on cases involving state laws. Not all states call their highest court the â€Å"Supreme Court.† For example, New York calls its highest court the New York Court of Appeals. While it is rare for the U.S. Supreme Court to hear appeals to rulings by the state supreme courts dealing with issues of state law, the Supreme Court will hear cases in which the state supreme court’s  ruling involves an interpretation or application of the U.S. Constitution. ‘Original Jurisdiction’ The least likely way in which a case might be heard by the Supreme Court is for it to be considered under the Court’s original jurisdiction. Original jurisdiction cases are heard directly by the Supreme Court without going through the appeals courts process. Under Article III, Section II of the Constitution, the Supreme Court has original and exclusive jurisdiction over rare but important cases involving disputes between the states, and/or cases involving ambassadors and other public ministers. Under federal law at 28 U.S.C.  § 1251. Section 1251(a), no other federal court is allowed to hear such cases. Typically, the Supreme Court considers no more than two cases a year under its original jurisdiction. Most cases heard by the Supreme Court under its original jurisdiction involve property or boundary disputes between states. Two examples include Louisiana v. Mississippi and Nebraska v. Wyoming, both decided in 1995. Case Volume Has Soared Today, the Supreme Court receives from 7,000 to 8,000 new petitions for writ of certiorari per year. By comparison, in 1950, the Court received petitions for only 1,195 new cases, and even in 1975, only 3,940 petitions were filed.

Discuss the Portrayal of Portia and Jessica in the...

In The Merchant of Venice Shakespeare used Portia and Jessica as his stereotypical characters through which he successfully conveyed greatness and challenged the perception of 17th century society. Shakespeare, by doing so, has accomplished them with what they lacked. Quotation serves to emphasise Shakespeares drama since the word `accomplished implies that it is Shakespeare who created the two characters to appear as mens equals and that otherwise this equality would not be attainable within the society of the contemporary time. At the beginning of the play, Portia appears to have no real identity despite all her greatness and worth whereas Jessica, being a Jew appeared as a character with low self-esteem and emerges as having†¦show more content†¦Shakespeares use of the word `curbd imply means of restraints that in this context could provide the notion that Portia is restrained to her own will and thereby completely `bound by her fathers will. With regards to Jessicas character, Shakespeare endeavoured to generate a slightly different sympathy. Jessica is known to be Shylocks daughter, her character is assumed to be that of low self-esteem and without potential greatness., thus, Jessica is regarded as inferior to other Christians due to her Jewish origins and religion. This is partly manifest through Shakespeares language and partly through plots development. Jews in this play are regarded as dehumanised beings as becomes apparent from Antonios speech that called Shylock a `dog. Jessica, being biologically bound to her father, is also regarded as inferior to Christians, maybe providing the reason why she eloped with a Christian man in the end. None the less, her low self-esteem is drawn by her acceptance to be Lorenzos torch-bearer. Shakespeare provided a negative imagery by Lorenzos speech. Torch-bearer insinuates the image of a slave and an owned individual which we assume Jessica becomes after her marriage ceremony. As opposed to Portias respectful and obedient manner Jessica is conveyed as a rebellious and disobedient character. Due to the fact that Jessica eloped from her father, quoting that Alack, what heinous sin is it in me to beShow MoreRelatedShylock as a Victim of Villain Essay2293 Words   |  10 PagesShylock as a Victim of Villain Throughout the play ‘The Merchant of Venice’ there are constant references to various characters and the way they relate to one another, however there is no character so diverse and so complex as Shylock’s character. Shakespeare tries to portray Shylock in a number of ways however I believe his main focus in the play, is on his villainous side. This may be portraying the time of Shakespeare where ethnic minorities likeRead MoreAnalysis Of Film Production Of The Merchant Of Venice1249 Words   |  5 PagesFilm Review Michael Radford s 2004 film production of The Merchant of Venice provides a well-executed and generally faithful rendition of Shakespeare s play. Radford s production especially succeeds in both its casting and set design that elevates the mood and drama contained in Shakespeare s text. In addition to the filming, particular attention was taken to following the original text, but some interesting in liberties in plot details were taken. Radford’s production serves as an exemplar

Resort and Hotel Management-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the International Hotel and Resort Management. Answer: Project Outcomes There are several outcomes in front desk management. It develops a mind that can think critically. It helps to develop an ability to up different point of views demonstrate and describe a situation. In the front desk management the main work is to handle the guest and to give them a proper outlook of the hotel and to take care of their requirements (Leach, 2014). The work mainly focuses on the communication with the guest, keeping a list of their guests and their specific needs. The main outcome of this project is to give a positive answer to the guest; it gives diversity in the character. Growth of professional development takes place and the ability and potential of handling a situation, to think reflectively, and take; it improves the verbal and written communication, another essential learning from this job is to handle controversies and issues in a smarter way (Lock, 2014). They learn to negotiate and be empathetic toward others. It also provides a cultural outlook and creates and develops an understanding. The outcome gives a diverse and intercultural outlook. It helps understand the key issues in hospitality and global citizenship. The rational side improves as the front desk people handles a lot of situation per day, be it face to face or over the phone (Alias et al., 2014) . Project Timeline Communication It is one of the most important areas in these professions. In the front desk the main work is done through communication. To take phone calls one has to be polite and talk nicely to the customer and thereafter solve their problem. Professional Development The professional development happens through working efficiently, there is no scope of being personal with any employees, and the professional attitude is needed. Professionalism is the criteria for any job as per say. To maintain the firmness in ones own character is very important in order to manage any situation. Reflective Thinking Reflective thinking is must in this field. It gives a specific view point and strategy to act upon. Reflective thinking helps to relate with both the knowledge and understanding and of the current situation. Diversity To have knowledge about a diverse situation is very important. Managing the guest list as well as attending calls and checking other documents is a lot of task for one person, yet handling all of them adequately is important (Martinelli, Milosevic, 2016). Diversity is there in all professions and it is very important to adapt this craft. Strategies The aim to adopt all the above mentioned outcomes which will be helpful in further studies and future use one has to be regular and punctual in their internship. In order to practice and develop a though and reflective thinking, students should not only theorize their practice but also apply their skills in reality (Chang, 2016). The knowledge of all the roles that is there in management is required. This industry requires pertinence and persistence. It needs multidisciplinary approach towards the management in which the student is working. They need analyze each and every situation and work according to that. There should be no panic, even if the hotel or the resort is facing any problem that should be hidden from the guests and therefore should not come across the employees face. There should be proper analysis of the situation before judging anything (Thomas, Ambrosini, 2015). They should learn how to put up a positive face in front of their guest and handle any kind of situation . The negotiating capability should be there. In order to sell the facilities to the customer and give them good overlook of the hotel it is very important to have the potential to negotiate. The dealing with situations should reflect their work. There should be an adequate understanding of the socio-economic background of the hotel in which the student is working in. To produce a better work it is very important to get a proper picture of the organization they are working in. The relation between the customers and the front desk employees are most important, they communicate most with them, the whole money transaction, specific requirements of rooms, food and every other details is given to a front desk person. Therefore these are the strategies to master all these above mentioned qualities in order to achieve the project outcomes. Performance Indicator In order to achieve all the above mention outcomes, the basic plan should be getting a grip and practicing oneself in all them. In the last month there was an event when the hotel was celebrating its anniversary and there I have been in charge of several duties including managing the front desk duties, being just an intern I was really calm when there was shortage of champagne and called the kitchen asked them to inform the management and get more champagnes. I had to deal with the customers and therefore then I realized how I have developed the skill of communication and professional thinking and thereafter my superiors where also proud of me. It will only be known if a person has acquired and achieved all the mentioned outcomes, if he or she is doing their job properly and is able to understand all the work swiftly without any problems. The internship program helps a great a deal to achieve these outcomes, these specific quality if communication, professional thinking and diversity do not only help in this particular profession but in all other areas. In order to keep a tab on the guest check in it takes immense concentration (Hoque, 2013). To understand the temperament of the customer as well as co workers in the toughest job and a person has to master that art. While working during the event I realized how important multi tasking and at a point I had to calm my superiors as well, that was the moment I realized that I am going in the right direction and my learning as been worthwhile. Networking This profession has even helped to achieve many goals; with the help of these outcomes other several professions will be open to us. The learnings will be helpful in future and even if needed in other organizations as well (Peppard, Ward, 2016). The professionalism and the learning will always be with us. The experience always matters and it will help to move forward in career developing process. The work experience will count, with a good bond with the customers and the guidance of superior has helped a lot in networking. Comfort Inn is a well known inn in Australia and therefore the name will also matter in further interviews. Conclusion The reasons why these internship programs are important are perfectly justified. It taught us not only how to be in the hotel industry but also how to deal with the outer world in each a number of things and mostly work ethics. The work world is very different from what we expect, therefore these internships helps in terms of training people. Personal manifestation is a very important opportunity where we can think about our experience and reflect it in the future development of work. This internship is a chance to contemplate things that have impacted and changed the thoughts of people, and made us more efficient in work. References Alias, Z., Zawawi, E. M. A., Yusof, K., Aris, N. M. (2014). Determining critical success factors of project management practice: A conceptual framework.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,153, 61-69. Martinelli, R. J., Milosevic, D. Z. (2016).Project management toolbox: tools and techniques for the practicing project manager. John Wiley Sons. Lock, M. D. (2014).The essentials of project management. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.. Leach, L. P. (2014).Critical chain project management. Artech House. Hoque, K. (2013).Human resource management in the hotel industry: Strategy, innovation and performance. Routledge. Peppard, J., Ward, J. (2016).The strategic management of information systems: Building a digital strategy. John Wiley Sons. Thomas, L., Ambrosini, V. (2015). Materializing strategy: the role of comprehensiveness and management controls in strategy formation in volatile environments.British Journal of Management,26(S1). Chang, J. F. (2016).Business process management systems: strategy and implementation. CRC Press.

Rap Lyrics Essays - Music, Universal Music Group, Performing Arts

Rap Lyrics Poetry is language that is more intense than the ordinary language. The elements of poetry make it recognizable that there are techniques and styles that add to this intensity. These elements can be found in the lyrics of many rap songs, especially within the lyrics of "What's It Gonna Be" by Busta Rhymes and Janet Jackson. Rhyme is the most practiced element of poetry. It is defined as being the repetition of sounds in language. You can find this repetition within many verses of "What's it Gonna Be". For example, in verse one "Baby just tell me how you feel, we livin it and just givin it to you real". The two ending words "feel" and "real" gives the song a rhyming effect. Another example of rhyme is in lines eight and nine of verse one. These lines say, " To my people who regulatin the dance floors, better step in yo business and handle yours. "Floors" and "yours" also add the rhyming effect of this song. The rhyme in "What's it Gonna Be" classifies this song as being somewhat poetic. Poetry communicates experience, and experience comes to us largely through the senses (seeing, hearing, smelling, feeling, and touching). Imagery is a mental and visual impression that appeals to one of the five senses. Visual imagery is a sense thats expressed throughout "What's it Gonna Be". For example, verse two line twelve says, "Paintin a picture I see it's hot on the window". "See" is the keyword in line twelve that shows visual imagery. Hearing is another sense that's used frequently within this song. For example, the chorus says "Gonna make, gonna make, your body scream out yeah!" This verse is very effective in expressing the sense of hearing. When it is read, the exclamation mark brings this verse alive. If the exclamation mark wasn't there the keyword "scream" still classifies this as an example of imagery. Voice is another element of poetry that this song seems to have. The speakers in "What's it Gonna Be" are Busta Rhymes and Janet Jackson. The chorus is sung by Janet and the verses are rapped by Busta Rhymes. The tone of "What's it Gonna Be" is somewhat excited and fast paced. When you read the chorus it gives you an energetic feeling. For example, "Gonna make, gonna make, your body wet. Gonna make, gonna make, your body scream out yeah!" When reading this the commas and exclamation mark speeds up the pace of the song. Theme is the overall idea expressed within a story, song, or poem. The primary theme of "What's it Gonna Be" is sex. Busta Rhymes and Janet are telling the listeners of this song all the things they can do sexually. An example of this is, "And makin you women say (ahh) baby come on". Busta Rhymes has a somewhat "cocky" approach to sex. Janet Jackson also has this same "cocky" approach. For example, "Gonna make, gonna make, your body cream". When Janet refers to "cream" she's saying that she can make someone reach their sexual peak. Overall this song's theme has a very strong sexual meaning. Figurative language is defined as words that mean something other than the actual meaning. The majority of rap songs have a large amount of figurative language. "What's it Gonna Be" has a abundant amount of this. For example, "full fledge hittin with Busta Rhymes and Janet and you know its...". The word "hittin" means sex, so in other words this verse is saying "full fledge sex with Busta Rhymes and Janet". Another example of figurative language is, "Making you people just wanna bounce and get busy". "Bounce" refers to leaving and "get busy" means having sexual intercourse, so this verse says "making you people just wanna leave and have sex". In conclusion, "What's it Gonna Be" has very strong poetic elements. This song had rhythm, theme, imagery, and voice. Actually I couldn't find that many figures of speech, such as a metaphor or a simile, but I could find some figurative language. Overall I feel that this assignment made me realize how poetic some rap songs can be. This assignment also made me become familiar at recognizing the elements of poetry.